Women played other, equally important roles, supporting combatants psychologically and emotionally, as well as physically.įirstly, the First World War constituted an important turning point in the history of nursing in industrialized countries. The nurses, professionally trained or not, and the volunteer medical corps Thus, working conditions in these factories were extremely difficult, without counting the numerous accidental deaths caused by explosions, including when a hand grenade unit blew up. A wide range of other pathologies could result, such as vision problems, memory loss, and convulsions. Deaths occasionally occurred when the women exceeded their daily inhalation limit, or when their blood was poisoned by gunpowder. The female workers, nicknamed “munitionettes” or “bomb girls” (and “ obusettes”, in France), packed shells during 12-hour shifts, the high toxicity of the ingredients causing burns and skin lesions, as well as turning the skin yellow due to exposure to melinite. To make these jobs more attractive to women in spite of the very difficult working conditions and health risks associated with them, the manufacturers offered good salaries. The munitions factories were understandably a priority industry and needed a high number of workers. In addition, to fulfill a crucial need for weaponry, the female work force rose by 20 percent in the munitions, metallurgical, and chemical factories. Even Canadian soldiers on leave were expected to help on French farms, as attested to by many period photographs, regimental histories, and by the writings of a French officer assigned to liaison with the British Empire troops. French villages were drained of their active male population, and men too old or too young to enlist were sent to do field work. Thus, in France, at the very beginning of the war, with two thirds of the men in the agricultural sector having left for the front, Prime Minister René Viviani urged the women of farming families to finish harvesting and prepare the fields. The role of women was all the more essential in the rural areas, as agricultural produce was needed to feed the soldiers at the front and their families at home, and the situation was made critical by the fact that the war began before the end of harvest time.
Starting in August 1914, in the countries that had entered the war, women were called on to replace a very high number of farm workers in the countryside (in France, for example, farmers represented 41 percent of the active population) who had been mobilized for combat by conscription or by voluntary enlistment, depending on the country. In Canada, one of the forms of this total war was the internment in isolated camps of whole families of immigrant origin, including many citizens of the territories of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. This involvement, of a multifaceted, transformative nature, has been an historical research subject in its own right for several decades now. The extent of the involvement of civilians, who represented up to 80 percent of the respective populations, was unprecedented in world history. We can even speak of two mobilizations that indubitably made the First World War a unique mass phenomenon. The figure of the papacy was strengthened as the symbolic head of a unified Europe under Christianity .From our contemporary viewpoint, the designation of the First World War as the “Great War” is justified not so much by the duration of the conflict-after all, the expression dates from as early as 1915-but by the universal mobilization it entailed, engaging not only all the able-bodied men in the belligerent countries but also the civilian populations, who were just as indispensable in supporting the war effort.The nobles began to increase their power. With the arrival of successive invasions of Normans , Magyars and Saracens, together with the need to organize forces to confront them, these came to have in practice the autonomy of the monarch.
The Carolingian kings progressively lost their authority.The treaty deepened the destructuring of the Carolingian Empire and ultimately led to its demise .The main consequences of the Treaty of Verdun were the following: On the death of Luis I, in 840, the war between his sons, Lotario, Luis and Carlos, deepened. In an attempt to overcome the conflict, on February 14, 842, they met in Strasbourg to pledge allegiance and establish conditions for a satisfactory agreement between the three. The final treaty was signed at Verdun in August 843 .
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